自考英语二阅读的考试重点知识汇总(自考英语二阅读判断技巧)

报名入口2023-10-16 10:21:50迪英网

自考阅读理解“主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义,进行有关的判断、推理和引申,根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。阅读理解是一项非常重要的语言应用。

自考英语阅读二的考试重点知识汇总

自考英语阅读的重点知识

1.细节辨识题

细节辨识题考查的是考生对阅读材料具体内容的把握能力,它要求考生能够对语篇中的具体细节和信息点进行准确捕捉,根据问题中的关键词或者短语在原文中定位相应细节。

细节辨识题是阅读理解中常考的题型,在历年考题中所占比重较大。在近10年的考题中每年都有细节辨识题出现,比例在30%左右。

此题型的主要命题方式如下:

①According to the text/Paragraph...

②In Paragraph...which of the following is NOT mentioned?

③The author agrees on all the following except that...

④...results from...

⑤What advice does the author give to...?

⑥Which of the following statements is NOT true?

⑦The main reason for...is that...

⑧Which of the following can be a disadvantage of...?

2. 推理判断题

推理判断题要求考生从整篇文章或文章中的某个细节出发,对某一内容进行推理判断。

做对这种题目的前提是对文章意思的准确理解,对作者意图的准确捕捉,顺着文章的表述作出恰当的推断。

推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的较高层次,这类题型在近10年的考题中经常出现并呈逐年上升的趋势,比例在30%~40%。

此题型的主要命题方式如下:

①We can conclude from...that...

②We can learn from the text that...

③Why is...mentioned in Paragraph...?

④In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by...

⑤Paragraph...shows that...

⑥...is mentioned to...

⑦By citing...the author intends to...

⑧The author seems to be mainly concerned with...

⑨The author suggests that...

3. 语义理解题

语义理解题考查的是考生是否具有根据上下文推测阅读材料中某个单词或者短语意思的能力。

重点仍然是基于对语篇的理解,尤其是对该单词或短语前后出现的内容的理解,因为其语义经常会在上下文通过解释或者举例等方式给予暗示。

最初,语义理解题多以推测词汇含义为主,近年来,更多考查的是某个表达形式(如句子的一部分)的含义。

该题型在历年考题中所占比重较小,在近10年的考题中所占比例为10%左右。

此题型的主要命题方式如下:

①The sentence “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) means that...

②The word/phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) most probably means...

③By saying “...” (Line...,Paragraph...),the author means that...

④The underlined phrase “...” in paragraph...refers to the ones who...

⑤The underlined phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) most probably means...

⑥The phrase “...” (Line...,Paragraph...) is closest in meaning to...

4. 主旨大意题

主旨大意题考查的是考生对阅读材料内容的整体把握能力以及对重点内容的概括能力。

该题型要求考生对文章有一个宏观把握,并且能够抓住其中的重点。

在近10年的考题中,每年都有主旨大意题出现,比例在10%以上。

此题型的主要命题方式如下:

①Which of the following is the text mainly about?

②The passage is mainly about...

③What would be the best title for the text?

④Which of the following is the best title for the text?

⑤The best title for this passage could be...

⑥Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

⑦What is the passage mainly about?

5. 观点态度题

观点态度题考查的是考生在整体理解文章内容的基础上对作者的观点、看法等作出判断的能力。

做对这类题目的关键是找出表示态度(赞成、反对、客观或主观等)的词语。如果作者的看法很客观,就会既有赞成又有反对,这时要注意全面把握文章的主旨大意,尤其注意表示态度变化的连词。

这种类型的题目在近10年考题中的出现比例为10%以下。

此题型的主要命题方式如下:

①Towards...the writer's/author's attitude can be said to be...

②...attitude towards...is one of...

③...attitude towards...seems to be...

④What is...attitude towards...?

三、答题步骤

第一步:浏览题干,明确阅读重点。

花一分钟时间把后面的题目看一下,分析考的是什么题型。

如果题目看得透彻,印象深刻,接下来阅读时就会对阅读重点非常明确,有时甚至可以跳过一些不必要的信息以提高阅读速度。

反之,过度依赖猜测选项的正误,会形成先入为主的主观印象,从而影响做题思维。

第二步:细读文章,主旨大意与细节并重。

看完题干后就可以看文章了。用4分钟左右的时间把文章看一遍。

重点是掌握文章中心主旨及各段落大意,注意要仔细阅读各段的首句。

不要拘泥于生词,对于短时记忆较差的考生,可在阅读过程中暂停阅读一到两次,快速对已读信息进行总结和确认。

而对于文章细节,我们可以对重要信息做适当的标记,这样可以更迅速地找到与答题相关的细节。

第三步:确定题干关键词,根据题型特点答题。

看完文章就可以做题了。

先确定题干中的关键词,然后找到关键词在文章中的所在位置,阅读上下文确定答案。

这一步的关键是每一道题都必须回到原文中找到出处,即能够证明选项正确的部分,千万不要凭印象或经验做题,更不能主观臆断。

四、解题策略

各题型解题策略、相应题型干扰项的特点及排除技巧如下:

1.细节辨识题

细节辨识题所占比例很大,但有时与其他题型很相似,很难划分清楚,往往都是对同一问题不同角度的理解。

例如,针对文章细节的推断题也可以称做细节题;针对某一具体事情的主旨题也可称做细节题。

所以,对此类题型的划分不必过于绝对,做题时应遵循以下规律:

在解答此类题目时,首先要抓住文章的主旨大意,看准题干,找出题干关键词或短语,然后在寻读文章时注意寻找与题干关键词或短语相对应的词或短语。

最后,在充分理解原文的基础上排除干扰,找出正确答案。

有的细节辨识题涉及正误的判断,这时要先看选项,根据选项所提供的线索定位文中的相应部分,最后选出答案。

总之,做细节辨识题一定要紧扣文章内容,找到答案的出处,切忌主观臆断。

(1) 细节辨识题解题策略

a. 题干关键词定位法

许多细节辨识题的题干中有明显的关键词或短语,题目考查的细节与此关键词有直接的必然联系。只要通过寻读的方法在原文中定位其出处,便可找到相关信息并得出答案。

常见的关键词包括题干中的普通名词、专有名词以及表达时间的名词等;在涉及正误判断的细节辨识题中,要找出各选项的关键词并确认原文出处。

注意:关键词不一定是题干的中心词,但必须是与解题有必然联系的词,即答案出处一定会出现的词。

例如:“What was the pneumonia death rate of all the deaths in the United States army during the Second World War?”题干中心词显然是“pneumonia death rate”,鉴于文章以“pneumonia”为中心,以“the United States”为背景,我们就应把“the Second World War”这个限定时间范围的短语选为关键词。

如果关键词选择错误,会增加查找时间,无法得出答案,甚至会因错误定位导致错误的判断。

例子:

【原文】

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites “personal search agent.”Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then Emails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who Emailed his resume to the employer and won a position as inhouse counsel for a company.

【题目】

41.How did Redmon find his job?

[A] By searching openings in a job database.

[B]By posting a matching position in a database.

[C] By using a special service of a database.

[D] By Emailing his resume to a database.

本题关键词是“Redmon”,回原文寻读定位于首段第一句。细读首段可知,此人通过求职数据库网站“CareerBuilder”中的“personal search agent(个人搜索代理)”成功找到了满意的工作。本段对“个人搜索代理”的用法和功能作了较为详细的介绍,不难看出,它是网站提供的一种求职服务,所以该题应选[C]。

b. 同义转述法

细节辨识题的正确选项往往转述原文中相应的信息。同义转述不一定使用同义词或同义短语,也可能是反义词或反义结构。

例如:原文信息“It's normal”在选项中可能转换成“It's not uncommon”。另外,同义转述也可以体现为对原文长难句及意群的概括或推理解释。

例子

【原文】

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service,for example,it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches.There may be more matches in the database;job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do.“On the day after we send our messages,we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets,vice president of marketing for CareerSite.

【题目】

44.Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

[A] To focus on better job matches.

[B] To attract more returning visits.

[C] To reserve space for more messages.

[D] To increase the rate of success.

段首主题句指出,这是网站为了引诱求职者反复访问而设计好的方法,而且求职代理每次只提供三个符合标准的职位,这样求职者将不得不再次访问该网站的数据库以查询相关信息。

[B] “To attract more returning visits”与原文信息“tempt job hunters to return”和“job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them”形成同义转述,也符合段落主旨,所以该题应选[B]。

c. 结合中心法

细节辨识题虽然考查的是对局部信息的理解,但因为细节都是为中心服务的,所以正确选项必须符合原文出处所在段的中心,甚至全文的中心。

d. 干扰项排除法

有时,细节辨识题的四个选项无法从正面确认答案,也就是说,在众多细节的干扰下,没有哪一个选项完全符合原文信息,那么,我们可以从反面确定那些与原文肯定不符的选项,并加以排除,最终选出最佳答案。

此外,判断正误类型和完全开放类型的细节辨识题也非常适合用这种方法。

(2) 细节辨识题干扰项特点及排除技巧

a. 合理常识

利用与文章中心相关的生活常识编造选项,这类选项看似合理,但文章中并未提及。

排除技巧:考研阅读文章经常涉及的各题材的最新发展或新生事物往往不完全符合常识。在很多情况下,合理的反而不一定是正确选项。因此,我们不能主观臆断,一定要在原文中找到出处再确定答案。

b. 断章取义

选项与原文部分吻合,部分相悖;选项几乎与原文相同,但在诸如频度、程度、范围等细节上有所改动;选项是文章中提到的次要信息,无法说明主要问题。

排除技巧:将选项与原文对照时要仔细、全面。

例子

【原文】

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are goodnatured,cooperative creatures,and they share their food readily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

【题目】

23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B] attentive to researchers instructions.

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D] more generous than their male companions.

干扰排除:从此段可知,选择雌性卷尾猴的主要原因是“Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ‘goods and services’ than males”,而“They look cute.They are goodnatured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food readily.”都是猴子的一般特征,并不针对实验目标,属次要信息,是对段落主旨的断章取义,所以[B]、[C]、[D]均应排除。

c. 原文原词

选项与原文完全吻合或只是改变了少数无关紧要的词。

排除技巧:正确选项应为原文的同义转述。通常,原词越多的选项正确的可能性就越小。

d. 张冠李戴

逻辑关系倒置,人物与观点错位,事物与特征交叉等,这种干扰会给人一种“似曾相识,符合原文”的错误印象。

排除技巧:不要轻信通读文章时留下的印象,一定要回原文出处确认有关细节。

例子

【原文】

Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

【题目】

51. According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because

[A] cost reduction is based on competition.

[B] services call for crosstrade coordination.

[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.

[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.

干扰排除:本题选项[D]意为“托运商将扼住铁路的咽喉”。文章第二段尾句“But many shippers complain that...trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat”意为“但是许多托运商抱怨……公路运输成本太高,所以会受到铁路公司的控制”。比较选项与原文信息不难发现,该选项的逻辑发生了错位,所以应该排除。

e. 答非所问

选项符合原文信息,甚至是同义转述,但并非针对题干要求回答问题。

排除技巧:明确题干所指,确定答案与问题的逻辑关系。

2. 推理判断题

近年来,推理判断题在真题中所占的比例呈逐年上升的趋势。它常与细节辨识题结合,在确认细节的基础上,对细节进行有理有据地推断或引申。

做题时应遵循以下规律:

首先要看准题干,找出题干关键词或短语,然后在阅读文章时定位相应的关键词或短语,确定推理依据的位置或范围。

另外,在充分理解原文细节的基础上,结合上下文、段落或文章主题,根据文章中隐含的线索,抓住其中的含义,作出合理的判断。

(1) 推理判断题解题策略

a. 正向推理法

此类推理判断题与细节辨识题非常相似,并无本质差别,只不过题干常用infer,imply,conclude等字眼发问,从正面对推理依据进行同义转述。

注意这种转述并不是对原文信息的简单重述,而是进行了总结和概括。

b. 逆向推理法

此类推理判断题是从反面对推理依据进行同义转述,也就是说正确选项是由原文信息逆向思考推断所得。

例如:原文信息是“Sleep is necessary for good health”,正确选项是“Not getting enough sleep might make you suffer from poor health”。

c. 结合中心推理法

此类推理判断题需要在理解全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合进行推理判断,确定最佳答案。

d. 结合褒贬性推理法

考研阅读的语境一般都有褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了作者的写作意图,要在把握文章主旨大意的基础上进行正确的推理判断。

(2) 推理判断题干扰项特点及排除技巧

a. 凭空推测

选项不是基于文章内容或上下文逻辑的推理,而是基于经验或常识的推理。

排除技巧:一定要在文章中找到推理依据。

b. 过度推断

选项的推理结论虽以文章内容为基础,但超出推理依据甚至全文的范围,即过度推断。

排除技巧:明确段落中心和文章主旨,并在此基础上进行合理的推理判断。

例子

【原文】

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert http://J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under lowstress conditions,but under highstress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that testtaking skill also matters,whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

【题目】

29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that

[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability.

[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.

[D] traditional tests are out of date.

干扰排除: 本段末句提到学术能力评估测试有时需要判断何时猜测或略过题目,这是考试的应试技巧问题,由此并不能得出测试包含大量猜测的结论。所以,[C] “测试包括许多猜测”属过度推断,应排除。

c.简单重述

选项是推理依据的简单同义重述,没有经过任何推理或概括。

排除技巧:要记住,简单同义重述的选项不一定是答案。

d. 偏离主题

选项看似是基于原文的推理,但与文章的主旨大意不符。

排除技巧:根据推理依据,结合文章的主旨大意进行推理判断。

3. 语义理解题

语义理解题的考查形式有两种:一是考查对超纲词或短语含义的理解;二是考查对大纲单词或短语生僻含义的理解。

此题型并不是考查词汇量,而是考查考生对文章的理解。只有根据上下文推断被考单词或短语在语境中的合理词义,才能得出正确答案。

做题时应遵循以下规律:

首先,要定位单词或短语的出处,确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后认真阅读被考单词或短语的所在句、前后的句子以及所在段,在读懂上下文的基础上根据语境推断词义。

(1) 语义理解题解题策略

a.定义猜词法

如果被考词或短语是语境所解释的中心词或短语,即语境是被考词或短语的定义,那么理解语境本身就可以推断其含义。

例子

【原文】

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.

【题目】

54.The word “arbiters” (Line 10,Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those

[A] who work as coordinators.

[B] who function as judges.

[C] who supervise transactions.

[D] who determine the price.

arbiters出现在本段末句,其后的of短语及上文“in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail”是对该词的定义,可见该词的意思指能决定“哪些公司盈利、哪些公司亏损”的人,即“裁决者”,所以该题选[B]。

b.同位语猜词法

如果被考词或短语有同位语,那么理解同位语的语义就可以推断该词或短语的含义。

c.定语从句猜词法

定语从句往往是对被修饰词的解释说明。如果被考词或短语由定语从句修饰,那么通过理解定语从句的含义就可以推断该词或短语的含义。

d.例证猜词法

如果语境中用例子说明被考词或短语的含义,那么我们可以通过总结例子中所提供的线索来推断该词或短语的含义。

e.排除猜词法

当根据语境很难推断被考词或短语的含义时,我们可以将各选项逐一放在被考词或短语的位置上进行替换,分别验证哪个选项能使上下文的语义更顺畅且符合文章的主旨大意,最终得出正确答案。

(2) 语义理解题干扰项特点及排除技巧

字面意思:选项只是被考词或短语的字面意思。

排除技巧:联系上下文,体会语境含义。

4.主旨大意题

主旨大意题考查对中心思想、段落中心和谈论话题的总结和概括能力。

做题时应遵循以下规律:

首先,要确定文章的主题段或者段落的主题句,然后抓住文章各段大意,从而概括出文章的主旨大意。注意在归纳文章主旨大意时要把握文章的主线和关键词。

(1) 主旨大意题解题策略

a. 首段定位法

文章的首段甚至首段的首句常常起点题的作用,是对文章主要内容或信息的概括,而下文往往接着对主题所涉及的内容进行具体的阐述。

有时文章的前两段共同表明主题,所以当无法在首段确定主题时,就要阅读下一段。另外,还有少数文章在叙述完某件事情或某个话题之后,用一句或几句话交代事情的结果或对前面的叙述进行归纳,所以末段也可能是中心主旨段。

例子

【原文】

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.

【题目】

59.What is the passage mainly about?

[A] Needs of the readers all over the world.

[B] Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.

[C] Origins of the declining newspaper industry.

[D] Aims of a journalism credibility project.

文章首段主题句为“Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?”,借此询问很多美国人不相信报纸上所读到的东西的原因,结合后面几段的内容可知,该句概括出了全文的话题,因此[B]为正确选项。

b.总结归纳法

有些文章没有明显的主题句或很难找到完整的概括全文中心的文字,这就需要对全文进行总结、归纳。

归纳这类文章的主旨大意要建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础之上,各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的主旨大意。

在这个过程中,考生应该观察全文的结构安排,理解文章重点描述的内容,并思考文章的细节服务于何种观点。

c. 关键词定位法

观察文章或段落中有没有反复出现的词或短语,如果有,则很可能与文章的主旨大意有紧密联系。

d.关联词定位法

观察文章或段落中有没有诸如but,yet,however,in fact这种表转折的关联词,或诸如in brief,above all,in conclusion,to sum up这种表总结的关联词。如果有,其后面往往是主题句。

(2) 主旨大意题干扰项特点及排除技巧

a. 扩大主题

选项内容的覆盖面太大、太笼统,远远超出了文章论述的范围。

排除技巧:明确核心主题。

b. 缩小主题

选项内容的覆盖面太窄,只涉及文章的一部分或若干要点。

排除技巧:明确主题与细节的关系。

例子

【原文】

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.

【题目】

59.What is the passage mainly about?

[A] Needs of the readers all over the world.

[B] Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.

[C] Origins of the declining newspaper industry.

[D] Aims of a journalism credibility project.

干扰排除:文章首段首句用设问的方式表明本文的中心“为什么许多美国人不相信报纸上读到的东西”。选项[D]“新闻业公信力项目的目的”在文章中有所提及,出现在该段第二、三句“美国新闻编辑协会正努力回答这个痛苦的问题。这个组织进行了长期深入的自我剖析,这一过程被称为新闻可信度项目”,但从整篇文章来看,这只是一个细节,并不是文章中心,所以应该排除。

5. 观点态度题

每一篇文章都包含作者的某种观点和态度,只不过有的直截了当,有的含而不露,有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现,有的通过全文来体现。

在解答此类题目时,切忌把自己的态度揉入作者的态度之中,另外,还要注意区分哪些是作者的态度,哪些是被引用人的态度。

近几年的考题中出现了新的变化:第一,不仅提问作者的态度,还提问文中某人对某事的态度;第二,选项不再都是明确地表示否定或肯定的词,而往往是带有程度限定的词,如reserved(保留的)、qualified(有条件的,有限制的)、tempered(温和的)、guarded(慎重的)等。

(1)观点态度题解题策略

a. 感情色彩词定态度

观点态度往往可以根据文章中表达感情色彩的词或短语来判断。

例子

【原文】

Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a “cooling off” period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request.After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I'd go,because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.

【题目】

54.The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of

[A] opposition.

[B] suspicion.

[C] approval.

[D] indifference.

本段第五句中的“he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering”带有感情色彩,意为“他可以平静地活下去而无需整天惧怕即将来临的苦难”,这表明了作者能够理解要求安乐死的病人的心理,同时也表现了作者对于安乐死的态度是“同意的”,所以该题选[C]。

b. 总结归纳定态度

当文章没有明显的表达感情色彩的词或短语时,我们要从整体上对文章的观点态度进行判断,切忌从局部判断,妄下结论,这就要求考生一定要根据文章各段大意归纳总结。

(2)观点态度题干扰项特点及排除技巧

a. 某一件事是好是坏,作者对它是支持还是反对,态度一般都很明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。

b. 既然作者写了文章,态度就不可能是漠不关心的。因此,indifferent,unconcerned,uninterested等这些词可以首先排除。

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